ITEM 1. BUSINESS

General

RTX Corporation is an aerospace and defense company that provides advanced systems and services for commercial, military, and government customers worldwide. The terms "we," "us," "our," the "Company", and "RTX" mean RTX Corporation and its subsidiaries, unless the context indicates another meaning. References to "Raytheon Company" mean Raytheon Company, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of RTX on April 3, 2020 through an all-stock merger transaction between United Technologies Corporation and Raytheon Company (the surviving company of which is RTX Corporation). We serve commercial and government customers in both the original equipment and aftermarket parts and services segments of the aerospace industry. Our defense business serves both domestic and international customers as a prime contractor or subcontractor on a broad portfolio of defense and related programs for military and government customers. RTX Corporation was incorporated in Delaware in 1934.

The following description of our business should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" within Item 7 of this Form 10-K, including the information contained therein under the heading "Business Overview."

Business Segments

Our operations are classified into three principal business segments: Collins Aerospace (Collins), Pratt & Whitney, and Raytheon, with each segment comprised of groups of similar operations.

Collins Aerospace is a leading global provider of technologically advanced aerospace and defense products. Collins' solutions include aftermarket services for civil and military aircraft manufacturers, commercial airlines, and regional, business, and general aviation, as well as for defense and commercial space operations. Aftermarket services include spare parts, overhaul and repair, engineering and technical support, training and fleet management solutions, asset management services, and information management services. Collins designs, manufactures, and supplies electric power generation, management and distribution systems, environmental control systems, flight control systems, air data and aircraft sensing systems, engine control systems, engine components, engine nacelle systems, including thrust reversers and mounting pylons, interior and exterior aircraft lighting, aircraft cargo systems, evacuation systems, landing systems (including landing gear, wheels, and braking systems), communication, navigation, surveillance systems, fire and ice detection and protection systems, actuation systems, integrated avionics, and propeller systems. Collins also designs, manufactures, and supports complete cabin interiors, including seating, oxygen systems, food and beverage preparation, storage and galley systems, lavatory, and wastewater management systems. Collins' solutions support human space exploration with environmental control and power systems and extravehicular activity suits. Collins also provides connected aviation solutions and services through worldwide voice and data communication networks, airport systems and integrations, and air traffic management solutions. Collins supports government and defense customer missions by providing systems solutions for connected battlespace, test and training range systems, crew escape systems, and simulation and training.

Collins sells aerospace and defense products and services to aircraft manufacturers, airlines, airports and other aircraft operators, the U.S. and foreign governments, defense contractors, maintenance, repair, and overhaul providers, and independent distributors around the world. Collins' largest commercial customers are Boeing and Airbus with combined sales, prior to discounts and incentives, of 16%, 19%, and 18% of total Collins segment sales in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

In 2024, Collins was awarded expanded contract scope for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) air traffic control automation system to implement technical refresh updates aimed at improving the air traffic controller work environment and system security. Collins was also awarded contracts to supply spare parts for the Army Tactical Navigation System and to design, develop, and deliver systems and products for a new aircraft under the United States Air Force Survivable Airborne Operations Center program. Collins was also awarded $2 billion in the aggregate for new maintenance, repair and overhaul, and spares long-term contracts with several airlines. In addition, Collins continued its significant product development activities, including for major systems on the Airbus A321XLR, the Boeing 777X and 737 MAX 10, and systems in support of the Boeing T-7A trainer and the Bell V 280 (FLRAA).

Collins continues to invest in sustainable technologies, such as electrical power architectures, advanced thermoplastic materials, digital trajectory optimizers, highly efficient cooling systems, and numerous other technologies that provide lower weight, drag, and carbon footprint solutions on aircraft. Collins is also investing in higher efficiency build processes, that reduce chemical and power usage and increase the use of recycling. Collins composite structural technology supports optimization of the design of aircraft components and equipment to minimize weight, maximize energy efficiency and reduce fuel burn. Collins works closely with numerous other industry organizations and airframers to explore alternative energy solutions such as sustainable

aviation fuel, hydrogen, and hybrid electric power sources. Collins also continues to invest in operational capacity in strategic locations, including in the United States, India, Mexico, Singapore, and Puerto Rico.

Pratt & Whitney is among the world's leading suppliers of aircraft engines for commercial, military, business jet, and general aviation customers. Pratt & Whitney's Commercial Engines and Military Engines businesses design, develop, produce, and maintain families of large engines for wide- and narrow-body and large regional aircraft for commercial customers and for fighter, bomber, tanker, and transport aircraft for military customers. Pratt & Whitney's small engine business, Pratt & Whitney Canada, is among the world's leading suppliers of engines powering regional airlines, general and business aviation, and helicopters. Pratt & Whitney also produces, sells, and services military and commercial auxiliary power units. Pratt & Whitney provides fleet management services and aftermarket maintenance, repair, and overhaul services in all of these segments.

Pratt & Whitney sells products and services principally to aircraft manufacturers, airlines and other aircraft operators, aircraft leasing companies, and the U.S. and foreign governments. Pratt & Whitney's largest commercial customer by sales is Airbus, with sales, prior to discounts and incentives, of 31%, 48%, and 33% of total Pratt & Whitney segment sales in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Pratt & Whitney produces and services the PW1000G Geared Turbofan (GTF) engine family. GTF engine models have demonstrated a significant reduction in fuel burn and noise levels and lower environmental emissions compared to prior-generation engines. The GTF aftermarket network expanded to 18 facilities worldwide, increasing PW1100G-JM shop visit output by approximately 30% year over year in 2024.

The GTF family now powers more than 2,200 aircraft for 85 operators across three aircraft platforms: Airbus A320neo family, Airbus A220, and Embraer E-Jets E2. In 2024, Pratt & Whitney received FAA certification for the GTF engine that will power the Airbus A321XLR aircraft. The GTF Advantage configuration currently under certification testing is expected to extend the benefits of the current GTF engine, increasing takeoff thrust by 4 to 8 percent and reducing fuel consumption by up to an additional 1 percent, maintaining the engine's lead as the most efficient powerplant for the A320neo family. In 2024, RTX announced it had completed the preliminary design review of the hybrid-electric GTF engine demonstrator for the Clean Aviation SWITCH project.

Pratt & Whitney produces and sustains the F135 engine for the U.S. government's F-35 Joint Program Office to exclusively power the single-engine F-35 Lightning II aircraft (commonly known as the Joint Strike Fighter) produced by Lockheed Martin. F135 propulsion system configurations are used for the U.S. Air Force's F-35A, the U.S. Marine Corps' F-35B, and the U.S. Navy's F-35C jets. F135 engines are also used on all F-35 aircraft purchased by Joint Strike Fighter partner countries and other countries through foreign military sales arrangements. 2024 marked the 50th anniversary since the F-16 Fighting Falcon's first flight, which was powered by the Pratt & Whitney F100 engine. With more than 300 million flight hours, the F100 is a mainstay powerplant for 23 global air forces, powering approximately two-thirds of global F-16s and nearly three-quarters of F-15s.

Pratt & Whitney completed the F135 Engine Core Upgrade (ECU) preliminary design review and was awarded a new contract valued at up to $1.3 billion for continued work on the ECU. The F135 program also added Greece and Romania as new customers, bringing the total number of global participants to 20. In addition, significant activity continued on military engine development programs including the Next Generation Adaptive Propulsion Program (NGAP). The NGAP team completed a critical assessment of its offering with the U.S. Air Force, moving the program closer to completing its detailed design review. Meanwhile, the B-21 Raider, which is powered by Pratt & Whitney engines, continued to progress its flight test program.

2024 also marked the certification of Pratt & Whitney Canada's PW545D engine that will power the Cessna Citation Ascend business aircraft from Textron. Pratt & Whitney Canada continues to progress testing of the propulsion system for the RTX Hybrid Electric Flight Demonstrator program, which targets a 30% fuel efficiency improvement and CO2 emissions reduction compared to existing advanced regional turboprops. In connection with the RTX Hybrid Electric Flight demonstrator program, Pratt & Whitney Canada announced the development of an advanced mobile charging unit (MCU) capable of charging high-power batteries at up to 1500 volts. Also in 2024, Airbus Helicopters selected Pratt & Whitney Canada and its PW210 helicopter engine to support the development of a hybrid-propulsion system for its PioneerLab technology demonstrator.

The development of new engines and improvements to current production engines present important growth opportunities for Pratt & Whitney. In view of the risks and costs associated with developing new engines, Pratt & Whitney has entered into collaboration arrangements in which revenues, costs, and risks are shared with third parties. At December 31, 2024, the interests of third-party collaboration participants in Pratt & Whitney-directed jet engine programs ranged, in the aggregate per program, from 13% to 49%. See "Note 1: Basis of Presentation and Summary of Accounting Principles" within Item 8 of this Form 10-K for a description of our accounting for collaboration arrangements. Pratt & Whitney also continues to enhance its programs through performance improvement measures and product base expansion, utilizing similar collaboration arrangements.

Raytheon is a leading provider of defensive and offensive threat detection, tracking and mitigation capabilities for U.S. and foreign government and commercial customers. Raytheon designs, develops, and provides advanced capabilities in integrated air and missile defense, smart weapons, missiles, advanced sensors and radars, interceptors, space-based systems, hypersonics, and missile defense across land, air, sea, and space. Raytheon provides air-to-air and air-to-ground sensors, command and control and weapons including the Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM), StormBreaker smart weapon, Long Range Stand Off Weapon (LRSO), and the Early Warning Radar. Raytheon also provides advanced naval sensors, command and control and weapons including classified naval radars, the Next Generation Jammer (NGJ), shipboard missiles including the Tomahawk and Standard Missile 6 (SM-6), air-to-air missiles such as the AIM-9X SIDEWINDER missile, and integrated systems such as the SPY-6 radar. In addition, Raytheon provides advanced systems and products that span layered land and integrated air and missile defense, including the Patriot air and missile defense system, the Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (LTAMDS), the National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System (NASAMS), Javelin, Excalibur, Stinger, and High-Energy Lasers. Raytheon also provides technologically advanced sensors, satellites, and interceptors, including the AN/TPY-2 radar, and Standard Missile 3 (SM-3). Raytheon delivers integrated space solutions including sensors, mission orchestration, satellite control, and software. Raytheon also focuses on the development and early introduction of next-generation technologies and systems, including hypersonics, counter-hypersonics, next-generation radars, sensor experimentation, and electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) advancements, and aligns products that use shared technologies, including fire control radars, surveillance radars, EO/IR, space-qualified satellite components, and electronics.

Raytheon serves as a prime contractor or major subcontractor on numerous programs with the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), including the U.S. Navy, U.S. Army, Missile Defense Agency, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Space Force, as well as programs with U.S. federal civil customers, and other international and classified customers.

In 2024, Raytheon achieved key advancements in, or received contract awards for, the following programs: Global Patriot program; LTAMDS program; SM-3 program; AIM-9X and the AMRAAM programs; and certain advanced technologies, including classified programs and an advanced development program. Major new contracts awarded in 2024 include a contract to provide Patriot Air Defense systems to Germany and Patriot launchers for Poland; a contract for low-rate initial production of LTAMDS defense systems for the U.S. Army and Poland; a contract to provide SM-3 exo-atmospheric missile defense interceptors to the U.S. Navy and international customers; a contract to provide Guidance Enhanced Missiles (GEM-T) tactical ballistic missiles for NATO Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA); a contract to provide AMRAAM missiles to the U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force and international customers; a contract to provide Patriot Air Defense systems, including GEM-T missiles, to Romania; a contract to provide AIM-9X Sidewinder short-range air-to-air missiles for the U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, and international customers; a contract to produce AN/SPY-6(V) radars for the U.S. Navy; a contract to provide Next Generation Jammer Mid-Band (NGJ-MB) for the U.S. Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force; a contract to provide Javelin guided munition for the U.S. Army and international customers; and a contract to provide Evolved SeaSparrow Missile (ESSM) ship self-defense missile for the U.S. Navy and international consortium partners. Raytheon has experienced increased global demand for the combat-proven Coyote system, a low-cost, expendable, unmanned aircraft system with the capability of operating in autonomous swarms.

Sales and Customers

We have substantial U.S. government sales, which we conduct through all three of our business segments. In addition, as a global company, all three of our business segments have substantial international sales. See "Note 20: Segment Financial Data" within Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.

U.S. Government Sales. Our U.S. government sales were as follows:

(dollars in millions)202420232022

Sales to the U.S. government (1)

$32,246 $31,628 $30,317

Sales to the U.S. government as a percentage of total net sales (1) (2)

40 %46 %45 %

(1) Excludes foreign military sales through the U.S. government.

(2) 2023 total net sales includes the reduction in sales from the Powder Metal Matter.

International Sales. Our sales to international customers, based on customer end use location, where known, were as follows:

(dollars in millions)202420232022

Total international sales$34,651 $29,440 $25,884

Total international sales as a percentage of total net sales (1)

43 %43 %39 %

(1) 2023 total net sales includes the reduction in sales from the Powder Metal Matter.

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Backlog. Backlog, which is equivalent to our remaining performance obligations (RPO) for our sales contracts, represents the aggregate dollar value of firm orders for which products have not been provided or service has not been performed and excludes unexercised contract options and potential orders under ordering-type contracts (e.g., indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity (IDIQ) type contracts).

Total backlog was $218 billion and $196 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Of the total RPO as of December 31, 2024, we expect approximately 25% will be recognized as revenue over the next 12 months.

Competition

All of our businesses are subject to significant competition. Our businesses compete on a variety of factors such as price, delivery schedule, past performance, reliability, customer service, innovation, and technology. Many of our competitors have substantial financial resources and significant technological capabilities. Further, some non-U.S. competitors receive government research and development assistance, marketing subsidies, and other assistance for their products beyond the assistance that may be available to us as a U.S. company.

Our aerospace businesses compete with numerous U.S. and foreign businesses that obtain regulatory agency approval to manufacture products and spare parts. Customer selections of aircraft engines, components, and systems can also have a significant impact on future sales of parts and services. In addition, customers (including the U.S. government and other governments) may purchase parts from suppliers other than the original equipment manufacturer, which affects spare parts sales. Some competitors may offer substantial discounts and other financial incentives, performance and operating cost guarantees, and participation in financing arrangements in an effort to compete for the aftermarket associated with these products.

Our defense businesses compete with numerous U.S. and foreign companies in most defense and government electronics, space, effectors, communications, command and control, technical services and support, and other segments. We frequently partner on defense programs with our major suppliers, some of whom are, from time to time, competitors on other programs. In addition, the competitive landscape in the defense industry continues to evolve with trends such as the continued increase in commercial competitors, new entrants with different technology approaches and business models, governmental bid evaluation processes requesting expanded intellectual property disclosures and rights sharing that may risk the loss of competitively sensitive information, and increased government, particularly foreign government, sponsorship of competitors on defense development programs. Moreover, our potential international contract awards, particularly for sales of defense products and services, may be limited by our ability to agree to offset obligations or industrial cooperation obligations, sometimes in the form of in-country industrial participation (ICIP) agreements, designed to enhance local industry.

People

As a global technology and innovation-driven company, we depend on a highly skilled workforce. Attracting, developing, advancing, and retaining the best talent is critical for us to execute our strategy and grow our business. Individuals with technical, engineering, and science backgrounds, experience, or interests are particularly important for us to succeed in the industries in which we compete. In addition, our defense business in particular requires qualified personnel with security clearances due to our classified programs. Macroeconomic, industry, and labor market conditions continue to affect the environment for hiring and retaining employees with relevant qualifications and experience. While competition for talent has softened, we continue to experience challenges hiring highly qualified personnel for some of our most critical roles and in specific locations. We continuously monitor labor market conditions and trends to mitigate hiring and retention issues.

Governance. The Human Capital & Compensation Committee of the RTX Board of Directors oversees the Company's human capital management.

Workforce Demographics. As of December 31, 2024, our global employee population consisted of a total of approximately 186,000 employees, including approximately 57,000 engineering professionals and approximately 34,000 employees represented by labor unions and other employee representative bodies. Our employees were located in 52 countries, with 68% of our employees located in the U.S. We have published our U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity EEO-1 report data as part of our Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) Report.

We strive to build high-performing teams. We believe a work environment where all individuals are seen, respected, valued, and protected enables them to focus on developing the most innovative solutions to our industry's greatest challenges. Approximately 19% of our workforce across 31 of the countries in which we operate are members of one or more of our nine global employee resource groups (ERGs). We also support science, technology, engineering, and mathematics initiatives to inspire the workforce of the next generation and build talent pipelines.

Talent Acquisition, Development, and Retention; Employee Health and Safety. We continuously monitor the hiring, retention, and management of our employees by business and function with a focus to attract, develop, engage, advance, and

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retain the best talent in the industry. We aim to identify and hire quality external talent with skills matched to our Company's business needs. We invest in our workforce through internal and external education, training and development programs, and tuition assistance benefits. We also provide market competitive compensation and benefits. We recognize and reward performance during our annual review process. We regularly conduct talent reviews and develop succession plans to ensure that we continue to cultivate the leadership pipeline of talent needed to execute our business strategy. We solicit employee feedback on RTX's performance as an employer via confidential surveys in the pre-hire, active, and exit stages of employment, and use those results to improve our workplace and employee experience. These surveys cover various topics related to employee engagement and culture.

We have industry-leading health and safety programs to help maintain a safe work environment for all employees and mitigate workplace incidents, risks, and hazards. We review and monitor our performance and encourage employee input to identify opportunities to reduce incidents. Moreover, we have industry-leading ethics and compliance programs to help mitigate associated employee risks. We also provide health and wellness benefits and support flexible work arrangements for our employees.

Additional information regarding our human capital strategy is available in our "People" section of our ESG Report that can be found on our company website. Information on our website, including our ESG Report, is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

For information on the risks related to our human capital resources, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K.

Research and Development and Operations

Our innovative products and services incorporate advanced technologies. As a result, we invest substantial amounts in research and development activities using our own funds and under contractual arrangements with our customers, to enhance existing products and services and develop future technologies to meet our customers' changing needs and requirements, as well as to address new business opportunities.

We manufacture and service our products in approximately 230 manufacturing, production, or overhaul facilities in approximately 30 countries, including the U.S.

Intellectual Property

We maintain a robust portfolio of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, licenses, and franchises related to our businesses. We rely on a combination of these rights, along with nondisclosure agreements, information technology (IT) security systems, internal controls and compliance systems, and other measures to protect our intellectual property. The U.S. government and foreign governments have licenses to certain of our intellectual property, including certain patents, which are developed or used in the performance of government contracts. Commercial customers also have licenses to certain of our intellectual property largely in connection with the sale of our products. While our intellectual property rights in the aggregate are important to the operation of each of our businesses, we do not believe that our business would be materially affected by the expiration of any particular intellectual property right or termination of any particular intellectual property patent license agreement.

Suppliers and Raw Materials

We are dependent on a global supply chain for a wide range of raw materials, commodities, components, and services. Some of our products require relatively scarce raw materials. In some instances, we depend upon a single source of supply or participate in commodity markets that may be subject to allocations of limited supplies by suppliers. In addition, in some cases, we must comply with specific procurement requirements, which may limit the suppliers and subcontractors we may utilize. We are largely dependent upon foreign sources for certain raw materials, such as cobalt, tantalum, chromium, rhenium, nickel, and titanium, and we rely on foreign suppliers as single-source suppliers of some components.

In recent years, we have experienced supply chain disruptions that have impacted our ability to procure raw materials, microelectronics, and certain commodities, resulting in delays and increased costs. These disruptions have been driven by supply chain market constraints and macroeconomic conditions, including inflation and labor market shortages. The high inflationary environment has increased material and component prices, labor rates and supplier costs, which has negatively impacted our costs. Current geopolitical conditions, including conflicts and other causes of strained intercountry relations, as well as sanctions and other trade restrictive activities, are continuing to contribute to these supply chain issues.

We have implemented certain actions and programs which have mitigated some of the impacts, but we anticipate that supply chain disruptions will continue. We work with our suppliers and subcontractors to assess and address the causes of performance failures and delays, including by providing suppliers with raw materials and technical support. We have arranged second and third supply source alternatives in some cases and have increased our materials and parts inventory. We regularly pursue cost

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reductions through a number of mechanisms, including consolidating or re-sourcing our purchases, expanding the use of long-term agreements, reducing the number of suppliers generally (except as described above for important supply alternatives), strategic sourcing in cost competitive regions, capitalizing on competitions among suppliers and other low-cost sourcing initiatives, and extending our contractually negotiated raw material pricing to higher-tier suppliers in our supply chain. For additional information related to supply chain issues, see Item IA. "Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K.

Other Matters Relating to Our Business

As worldwide businesses, our operations can be affected by a variety of economic, industry, and other factors, including those described in this section, in Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," in "Cautionary Note Concerning Factors That May Affect Future Results and Risk Factor Summary," and in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K.

Regulatory Matters

Our businesses are subject to extensive regulation in the industries we serve. We deal with numerous U.S. government agencies and entities, including but not limited to all of the branches of the DoD and the FAA. Similar government authorities exist in all of the countries in which we do business.

U.S. Government Contracts. As previously discussed, the U.S. government is our largest customer, representing a substantial majority of our total defense sales. U.S. government contracts are subject to termination by the government, either for convenience or for default in the event of our failure to perform under the applicable contract. In the case of a termination for convenience, we would normally be entitled to reimbursement for our allowable costs incurred, termination costs, and a reasonable profit. If terminated by the government as a result of our default, we could be liable for payments made to us for undelivered goods or services, additional costs the government incurs in acquiring undelivered goods or services from another source, and any other damages it suffers. Our U.S. government contracts generally are subject to the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), which sets forth policies, procedures, and requirements for the acquisition of goods and services by the U.S. government; department-specific regulations that implement or supplement the FAR, such as the DoD's Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS); and other applicable laws and regulations. These regulations impose a broad range of requirements, many of which are unique to government contracting, including various procurement, import and export, security, contract pricing and cost, contract termination and adjustment, audit, and product integrity requirements. A contractor's failure to comply with these regulations and requirements could result in reductions to the value of contracts, contract modifications or termination, cash withholds on contract payments, forfeiture of profits, and/or the assessment of civil or criminal penalties and fines, and could lead to suspension or debarment, for cause, from U.S. government contracting or subcontracting for a period of time. In addition, in order to support U.S. government priorities, we may begin performance on an undefinitized contract action prior to completing contract negotiations on the terms, specifications, or price between the parties. The U.S. government has the ability to unilaterally definitize contracts, which would obligate us to perform under terms and conditions imposed by the U.S. government, affecting our ability to negotiate mutually agreeable contract terms. Uncertainties in final contract price, specifications and terms, or loss of negotiating leverage associated with particularly long delays in contract definitization may negatively affect our profitability.

For further discussion of risks related to government contracting, including on-going litigation associated with U.S. government audits and investigations, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors" and Item 3. "Legal Proceedings" of this Form 10-K and "Note 17: Commitments and Contingencies" within Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Commercial Aerospace Product Regulation. Our commercial aerospace products are subject to regulations by the FAA, foreign aviation administration authorities, and international regulatory bodies, including on production and quality systems, airworthiness and installation approvals, repair procedures, and continuing operational safety. In addition, commercial aerospace regulations and regulator approaches differ across jurisdictions and changes in such regulations and implementing legislation can impact our operations.

Global Trade Regulation. We must comply with various laws and regulations relating to the export and import of products, services, and technology from and into the U.S. and other countries having jurisdiction over our operations. In the U.S., these laws and regulations include, among others, the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) provisions administered by the U.S. Department of State (DOS), embargoes and sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, and import regulations administered by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). Certain of our products, services, and technologies have military or strategic applications and are on the U.S. Munitions List of the ITAR, the Commerce Control List of the EAR, or are otherwise subject to the EAR and/or the U.S. Munitions Import List, and we are required to obtain licenses and authorizations from the appropriate U.S. government agencies before exporting these products out of the U.S. or importing these products into the U.S. Foreign policy of the U.S. or other licensing jurisdictions may affect the licensing process or otherwise prevent us from engaging in business dealings with

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certain individuals, entities, or countries. Any failure by us, our customers, or our suppliers to comply with these laws and regulations could result in civil or criminal penalties, fines, seizure of our products, adverse publicity, restrictions on our ability to engage in export or import transactions, or the suspension or debarment from doing business with the U.S. government.

For further discussion of risks related to exports and imports, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors".

Compliance Matters. As previously disclosed, on October 15, 2024, Raytheon Company entered into a deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) (DPA-1) with the DOJ and on October 16, 2024, the Company became subject to an administrative order issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (the SEC Administrative Order) to resolve the previously disclosed criminal and civil government investigations into payments made by Raytheon Company and its joint venture, Thales-Raytheon Systems (TRS), since 2012 in connection with certain Middle East contracts. On October 16, 2024, Raytheon Company also entered into a DPA (DPA-2) and a False Claims Act (FCA) settlement agreement with the DOJ to resolve previously disclosed criminal and civil government investigations into defective pricing claims for certain legacy Raytheon Company contracts entered into between 2011 and 2013 and in 2017. Under DPA-1, DPA-2, and the SEC Administrative Order, Raytheon Company and the Company are required, among other things, to retain an independent compliance monitor satisfactory to the DOJ and the SEC (for a term ending three years from the date on which the monitor is engaged) and are required to undertake certain cooperation and disclosure obligations (for a term commencing on the effective date of DPA-1 and the SEC Administrative Order, as applicable, and ending three years from the date on which the monitor is engaged). The compliance monitor will oversee Raytheon Company's and the Company's compliance with their respective obligations under DPA-1, DPA-2, and the SEC's Administrative Order. DPA-1 and DPA-2 further provide that, in the event the DOJ, in its sole discretion, determines during the period of deferral of prosecution that Raytheon Company or the Company have violated any provision of either DPA, Raytheon Company or the Company may be subject to prosecution for any federal criminal violation, including the charges against Raytheon Company in the relevant DPA. The SEC Administrative Order further provides that, in the event of a breach of the agreement with the SEC, the SEC may vacate the Administrative Order and institute proceedings against the Company. In the event of any such determination of breach, the Company may face additional adverse impacts.

Also as previously disclosed, on August 29, 2024, the Company entered into a Consent Agreement (CA) with the DOS to resolve alleged civil violations of the AECA and the ITAR. The CA, which has a three-year term, requires the Company to implement remedial compliance measures and to conduct an external audit of the Company's ITAR compliance program. The CA also requires appointment of an external independent Special Compliance Officer (SCO). The Company appointed its SCO on September 27, 2024. If the Company is unable to satisfy the requirements of the CA within three years as determined by the DOS, it may face a continuation of the CA, additional fines, or other adverse impacts.

For further discussion of DPA-1, DPA-2, the SEC Administrative Order, and the CA, see Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," Item 1A. "Risk Factors," and "Note 17: Commitments and Contingencies" within Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Environmental Regulation. Our operations are subject to and affected by environmental regulation by federal, state, and local authorities in the U.S. and regulatory authorities with jurisdiction over our international operations, including with respect to chemical substances in our products, manufacturing processes, and the operation of our facilities, as well as the generation, treatment, storage, disposal, and remediation of hazardous substances and wastes. We use hazardous substances and generate hazardous wastes in some of our operations and have incurred, and will likely continue to incur, costs associated with environmental compliance activities and management of remediation matters at sites with pollutants. A portion of these costs are eligible for future recovery through the pricing of our products and services under our contracts with the U.S. government. In addition, we have been identified as a potentially responsible party under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act, also known as the Superfund law, or state law counterparts to the Superfund law, for a number of sites. The nature and extent of environmental concerns vary from site to site and our share of responsibility varies from sole responsibility to very little responsibility. We also manage various government-owned facilities on behalf of the U.S. government. At such facilities, environmental compliance and remediation costs have historically been primarily the responsibility of the U.S. government, and we have relied upon U.S. government funding to pay such costs. We do not anticipate that compliance with current provisions or requirements relating to the protection of the environment or that any payments we may be required to make for cleanup liabilities will have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity. Environmental matters are further addressed in "Note 1: Basis of Presentation and Summary of Accounting Principles" and "Note 17: Commitments and Contingencies" within Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Most of the U.S. laws governing environmental matters include criminal provisions. If we were convicted of a violation of the federal Clean Air Act or Clean Water Act, the facility or facilities involved in the violation could be deemed ineligible to be used in performing any U.S. government contract we are awarded until the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) thereafter certifies that the condition giving rise to the violation has been corrected.

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In addition, we could be affected by future foreign or domestic laws or regulations imposed in response to concerns over climate change, and we monitor developments in environmental and climate-related laws and regulations and their potential impact to our business and financial condition. Changes in environmental and climate-related laws or regulations, including regulations on greenhouse gas emissions, carbon pricing, energy taxes, product efficiency standards, global chemical regulations, and mandatory disclosure obligations could lead to new or additional investment in product designs and facility upgrades and could increase our operational and environmental compliance expenditures, including increased energy and raw materials costs and costs associated with manufacturing changes.

For further discussion of risks related to environmental and climate matters and other government regulations, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K.

Other Applicable Regulations. We conduct our businesses through subsidiaries and affiliates worldwide. As a result, our businesses and operations are subject to both U.S. and non-U.S. government laws, regulations, and procurement policies and practices, including regulations relating to export and import controls, tariffs, taxes, investment, sanctions, exchange controls, anti-corruption, privacy, and cash repatriation. Our international sales are also subject to varying currency, political, and economic risks.

Cautionary Note Concerning Factors That May Affect Future Results and Risk Factor Summary

This Form 10-K contains statements which, to the extent they are not statements of historical or present fact, constitute "forward-looking statements" under the securities laws. From time to time, oral or written forward-looking statements may also be included in other information released to the public. These forward-looking statements are intended to provide management's current expectations or plans for our future operating and financial performance, based on assumptions currently believed to be valid, and are not statements of historical fact. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as "believe," "expect," "expectations," "plans," "strategy," "prospects," "estimate," "project," "target," "commit," "commitment," "anticipate," "will," "should," "see," "guidance," "outlook," "goals," "objectives," "confident," "on track," and other words of similar meaning. Forward-looking statements may include, among other things, statements relating to future sales, earnings, cash flow, results of operations, uses of cash, share repurchases, tax payments and rates, research and development spending, cost savings, other measures of financial performance, potential future plans, strategies or transactions, credit ratings and net indebtedness, the Powder Metal Matter and related matters and activities, including without limitation other engine models that may be impacted, the pending disposition of Collins' actuation and flight control business, targets and commitments (including for share repurchases or otherwise), and other statements which are not solely historical facts. All forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. For those statements, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such risks, uncertainties, and other factors include, without limitation:

•the effect of changes in economic, capital market, and political conditions in the U.S. and globally, such as from the global sanctions and export controls with respect to Russia, and any changes therein, and including changes related to financial market conditions, banking industry disruptions, fluctuations in commodity prices or supply (including energy supply), inflation, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, disruptions in global supply chain and labor markets, levels of consumer and business confidence, the imposition of tariffs, and geopolitical risks, including, without limitation, in the Middle East and Ukraine;

•risks associated with U.S. government sales, including changes or shifts in defense spending due to budgetary constraints, spending cuts resulting from sequestration, a continuing resolution, a government shutdown, the debt ceiling or measures taken to avoid default, or otherwise, and uncertain funding of programs;

•risks relating to our performance on our contracts and programs, including our ability to control costs, the mix of our contracts and programs, and our inability to pass some or all of our costs on fixed price contracts to the customer, and risks related to our dependence on U.S. government approvals for international contracts;

•challenges in the development, certification, production, delivery, support, and performance of RTX advanced technologies and new products and services and the realization of the anticipated benefits (including our expected returns under customer contracts), as well as the challenges of operating in RTX's highly-competitive industries both domestically and abroad;

•risks relating to RTX's reliance on U.S. and non-U.S. suppliers and commodity markets, including the effect of sanctions, tariffs, delays, and disruptions in the delivery of materials and services to RTX or its suppliers and cost increases;

•risks relating to RTX's international operations from, among other things, changes in trade policies and implementation of sanctions, foreign currency fluctuations, economic conditions, political factors, sales methods, U.S. or local government regulations, and our dependence on U.S. government approvals for international contracts;

•the condition of the aerospace industry;

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•potential changes in U.S. government policy positions, including changes in DoD policies or priorities;

•the ability of RTX to attract, train, qualify, and retain qualified personnel and maintain its culture and high ethical standards, and the ability of our personnel to continue to operate our facilities and businesses around the world;

•the scope, nature, timing, and challenges of managing acquisitions, investments, divestitures (including the pending disposition of Collins' actuation and flight control business), and other transactions, including the realization of synergies and opportunities for growth and innovation, the assumption of liabilities, and other risks and incurrence of related costs and expenses, and risks related to completion of announced divestitures;

•compliance with legal, environmental, regulatory, and other requirements, including, among other things, obtaining regulatory approvals for new technologies and products, and export and import requirements such as ITAR and EAR, anti-bribery and anticorruption requirements, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), industrial cooperation agreement obligations, and procurement and other regulations in the U.S. and other countries in which RTX and its businesses operate;

•the outcome of pending, threatened, and future legal proceedings, investigations, and other contingencies, including those related to U.S. government audits and disputes and the potential for suspension or debarment of U.S. government contracting or export privileges as a result thereof;

•risks related to the Deferred Prosecution Agreements, SEC Administrative Order, the Consent Agreement; and the related investigations by the SEC and the DOJ;

•factors that could impact RTX's ability to engage in desirable capital-raising or strategic transactions, including its credit rating, capital structure, levels of indebtedness, and related obligations, capital expenditures, and research and development spending, and capital deployment strategy including with respect to share repurchases, and the availability of credit, borrowing costs, credit market conditions, and other factors;

•uncertainties associated with the timing and scope of future repurchases by RTX of its common stock, or declarations of cash dividends, which may be discontinued, accelerated, suspended, or delayed at any time due to various factors, including market conditions and the level of other investing activities and uses of cash;

•risks relating to realizing expected benefits from, incurring costs for, and successfully managing strategic initiatives such as cost reduction, restructuring, digital transformation, and other operational initiatives;

•risks of additional tax exposures due to new tax legislation or other developments in the U.S. and other countries in which RTX and its businesses operate;

•risks relating to addressing the Powder Metal Matter, including, without limitation, the number and expected timing of shop visits, inspection results and scope of work to be performed, turnaround time, availability of parts, available capacity at overhaul facilities, outcomes of negotiations with impacted customers, and risks related to other engine models that may be impacted by the Powder Metal Matter, and in each case the timing and costs relating thereto, as well as other issues that could impact RTX product performance, including quality, reliability, or durability;

•changes in production volumes of one or more of our significant customers as a result of business, labor, or other challenges, and the resulting effect on its or their demand for our products and services;

•risks relating to an RTX product safety failure, quality issue, or other failure affecting RTX's or its customers' or suppliers' products or systems;

•risks relating to cybersecurity, including cyber-attacks on RTX's IT infrastructure, products, suppliers, customers and partners, and cybersecurity-related regulations;

•risks related to insufficient indemnity or insurance coverage;

•risks related to artificial intelligence;

•risks relating to our intellectual property and certain third-party intellectual property;

•threats to RTX facilities and personnel, as well as other events outside of RTX's control such as public health crises, damaging weather, or other acts of nature;

•the effect of changes in accounting estimates for our programs on our financial results;

•the effect of changes in pension and other postretirement plan estimates and assumptions and contributions;

•risks relating to an impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets;

•the effects of climate change and changing or new climate-related regulations, customer and market demands, products and technologies; and

•the intended qualification of (1) the Raytheon merger as a tax-free reorganization and (2) the separation transactions and other internal restructurings as tax-free to us (formerly known as United Technologies Corporation (UTC)) and former UTC shareowners, in each case, for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

In addition, this Form 10-K includes important information as to risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. See "Note 17: Commitments and Contingencies" within Item 8 of this Form 10-K, the section titled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" under the headings "Business Overview," "Critical Accounting Estimates," "Results of Operations," and "Liquidity and Financial Condition," within Item 7 of this Form 10-K, and the sections titled Item 1A. "Risk

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Factors" and Item 3. "Legal Proceedings," of this Form 10-K. This Form 10-K also includes important information as to these factors in the section titled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" under the heading "Government Matters," within Item 7 of this Form 10-K, and in the "Business" section under the headings "General," "Business Segments", "Other Matters Relating to Our Business", and "Regulatory Matters." The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report or, in the case of any document incorporated by reference, the date of that document. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by applicable law. Additional information as to factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements is disclosed from time to time in our other filings with the SEC.